| Front | Plato |
| Back | Training: Trained under Socrates Accomplishments: Sensory perception is unreliable. “Forms” are eternal structures that cannot be sensed, but can be discovered with rational thought (allegory of the cave).Obtain accurate knowledge through measurement and deduction.People either rule or serve according to their inherited skills and aptitudes. The Republic – famous book, rulers are those with superior reason. Introduced psychometrics: measure body parts to identify individual differences (bodily phrenology).Identified the brain as the seat of reason (but chest = courage & appetite = abdomen)Criticisms of others: n/aCriticized by others: n/aSystems: Rationalist. Nativist – human characteristics are inherited (but less nativist than Socrates) |
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| Front | Structuralism |
| Back | • Structuralism sought to reduce the mind to its most basic elements. To do so, used observation and description of mental processes (Wundt’s techniques). It proposed that everything is reducible to sensations, images, and feelings – complex mental states are combinations of these.• Criticisms of introspection: possible distortion due to retrospective nature, introspection as a conscious process must interfere with consciousness that is being observed (like taking pictures under water), results of introspection seems remote from consciousness as it is experienced. |
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| Front | Herman Ebbinghaus |
| Back | Training: University of Bonn PhD; believed objective measures like Fechner’s could be developed for higher mental processes; carried out memory experiments with himself as subjectAccomplishments: • 1st cognitive psychologist• nonsense syllables to study memory: used for generations by psychologists• memory retention• introduced concepts of mean and variability, probable errorCriticism of others: N/ACriticism by others: N/ASystems: Psychophysics |
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