| Front | What are the steps in the Calvin cycle? |
| Back | 1. Carbon dioxide combines with a 5-carbon molecule known a ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). The carbon in carbon dioxide is now fixed – incorporated within an organic molecule. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme Rubisco . 2. An unstable 6 carbon intermediate is formed which is immediately broken down forming 2 lots of 3-carbon glycerate-3-phosphate, also known as GP molecules. 3. Each GP molecule is converted into another 3-carbon molecule, known as Triose phosphate (TP), using a hydrogen atom from NADP and energy supplied by ATP, both supplied from the light dependant stage of photosynthesis. Reduced NADP and ATP provide energy and phosphate groups. 1 of the phosphate groups from ATP is used to turn GP into TP. |
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| Front | How does Carbon dioxide enter the plant? |
| Back | By diffusion from the atmosphere, through the stomata and makes its way to the stroma of chloroplasts. |
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| Front | What is Non-cyclic phosphorylation? |
| Back | 2 photosystems are involved in non-cyclic phosphorylation, PS2 followed by PS1. The light absorbed from the sun excites electrons at the reaction centres of the photosystems. The excited electrons are released from the reaction centre of PS2 and are passed to an electron transport chain, where ATP is produced by chemiosmosis. Excited electrons are released from the reaction centre at PS1, passed to another electron transport chain, and ATP is produced again by chemiosmosis. |
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