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| Front | How did the North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (ICJ 1969) define the standard for adequate State Practice for Customary International Law? |
| Back | Practice needs to be both “extensive and virtually uniform,” and must include the participation of states whose interests are specially affected (Art 38(1)(b) ICJ Statute). Example: The equidistance principle was not found to be sufficiently widespread or representative practice to constitute CIL between the parties. |
| Front | What is the fundamental principle established in the Lotus Case (France v Turkey, 1927 PCIJ) regarding state obligations? |
| Back | The Lotus Principle states that obligations upon sovereign states cannot be assumed; they must be proven using identified sources of law, requiring the necessity to use sources listed in Article 38(1) ICJ Statute. Example: The necessity for binding character meant that obligations had to be "proven" to justify the arrest of a foreign national following a ship collision. |
| Front | Under what circumstances is a state held responsible for private actions, according to the Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran Case (ICJ 1980)? |
| Back | State responsibility is attributed if the State acknowledges and adopts the private entity’s actions as its own (Art 11 ARSIWA). Example: Iran was held responsible for the seizure of the U.S. Embassy by militants because the State publicly adopted and endorsed the militants' actions. |