wace atar
| Front | monoprotic and polyprotic acids |
| Back | Acids such as hydrochloric acid HCl, nitric acid HNO3, and acetic acid CH3COOH, are monoprotic acids because each molecule of the acid produces only one hydrogen ion during the ionisation process in aqueous solution Some acids such as sulfuric acid, H2SO4, and phosphoric acid, H3PO4, produce more than one hydrogen ion when they dissolve in water. These acids are known as polyprotic or multiprotic acids |
| Front | leclanche cell anode |
| Back | anode is made of zinc casing zinc atoms on the surface of the anode oxidise they give up their valence electrons to become positively charged Zn2+ ionsas the zinc ions move away from the anode, leaving their electrons on its surface, the anode becomes more negatively charged than the cathodewhen the cell is connected in an external electrical circuit, the excess electrons on the zinc anode flow through the circuit to the carbon rod, with the movement of electrons forming an electrical current |
| Front | neutral ions |
| Back | anions that are derived from/are conjugate ions of strong acids anions such as Cl- have no tendency to react with water to form Hcl and a hydroxide ion as they have negligible base strength and thus are neutral in solution |