For HighAchievers members. HSC Biology Modules 5-8
| Front | Describe homeostasis |
| Back | The process by which the body maintains a constant internal environment using nerves and hormones. Homeostasis ensures that everything is kept relatively stable:TemperatureBlood glucose level (BGL)Water |
| Front | What is artificial embryo twinning? List the steps |
| Back | Artificial embryo twinningThe egg is fertilised by sperm, forming a cellThis cell develops, forming a clump of identical, unspecialised cells- Each of these cells are capable of developing into a whole organism.Identical cells are split up, forming into embryosThe embryo’s can be transplanted into a new motherThe surrogate mothers can give birth to genetically identical offspring since they all come from the same egg. |
| Front | Describe the steps in the 'Translation' process of protein synthesis |
| Back | 2. TranslationNucleic acid (in the form of mRNA) is translated into a proteinAmino acids are joined to form a polypeptide chain which is formed according to the sequence of codonsmRNA attaches to a ribosome at a particular start codon. Free-floating tRNA molecules in the cytoplasm has a specific anticodon sequence, a triplet of bases that corresponds to a specific mRNA codon. E.g. if the mRNA codon is GCA, the tRNA codon is CGU.The tRNA molecule with the correct anticodon pairs up with the mRNA in the ribosome - each tRNA molecule binds to a specific amino acid.A second tRNA molecule attaches itself to the next codon on the mRNA strand.The ribosome catalyses the formation of a peptide bond between the two amino acids. The first tRNA molecule, having let go of its amino acid, moves away leaving its amino acid behind.The ribosome moves along the mRNA bringing tRNA molecules each corresponding to codons on the mRNA strand until it reaches a stop codon in the mRNA sequence.When the ribosome receives the stop codon signal, the polypeptide chain and mRNA strand are released. |