| Front | Important infection control measures shown to reduce the incidence of operation-related patient infections include 1: restriction in the numbers and movement of theatre staff 2: wearing of face masks 3: 12-hour rather than 24-hour preoperative skin shaving 4: cleansing of the skin in the operation field by antiseptics |
| Back | 1.True; 2.False; 3.False; 4.TrueA few operating room 'rituals' have been shown to have no significant effect on post-operative patient sepsis, ie surgical site infection. These include the wearing of face masks and gowns. On the other hand, preoperative skin shaving of the incisional area does significantly increase the likelihood of subsequent wound sepsis, as does increased staff numbers and movement in the operating theatre (perhaps related to movement of air). Hair clipping immediately prior to incision is less likely to result in subsequent wound sepsis, than any form of razor shaving. A reduction in the numbers of microbes colonising the incisional area by the use of topical antiseptics does reduce subsequent wound infection rates, which are invariably endogenous and which may take several weeks to become apparent. |
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| Front | Apoptosis 1: mediates development of endothelial injury in Gram-negative sepsis 2: results from plasma membrane ‘ionic pump’ failure 3: mediates the vascular injury causing ‘fibrinoid’ necrosis 4: is a major mechanism of cell injury in graft-versus-host reactions |
| Back | 1.False; 2.False; 3.False; 3.TrueGVHD is mediated by cytotoxic T cells which release cytokines to induce cell death. |
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| Tags | Cellular |
| Front | Neuroblastoma of the adrenal 1: commonly matures spontaneously to form a ganglioneuroma 2: is a cancer of childhood 3: commonly causes hypertension 4: has often metastasised by the time of diagnosis |
| Back | 1.False; 2.True; 3.False; 4.TrueNeuroblastoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla and sympathetic chain. Origin is neural crest cells. Neuroblastoma can mature to ganglioneuroma (unknown reason) but it this type of regression/maturation is rare. It is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, and the most frequently diagnosed tumor of infancy. Most occur sporadically. More than 90% of adrenal neuroblastomas secrete catecholamines, but hypertension is rare. Neuroblastomas may metastasize widely through the hematogenous and lymphatic systems, particularly to liver, lungs, bones, and bone marrow |
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| Tags | endocrine |