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| Front | Telomerase |
| Back | Telomeres - shore, repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes, protecting them from degradation (shorten during replication)—> cell cycle arrest if they are completely absentTelomerase: maintain telomere length (act as reverse transcriptase) —> prevent cellular aging and genome instability, crucial for long-term stem cell proliferation, often everexpressed in cancer cells —> IMMORTALITY by reactivating terlomerase |
| Front | Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) |
| Back | Kinases activated only when bound to specific cyclins |
| Front | HER2 |
| Back | Human Epiderman Growth Factor Receptor 2.Encoded by ERBB2, transmembrane receptor active in cell growth + development, amplified in certain breast carcinomasTreatment: Herceptin (trastuzumab) -> monoclonal antibodies targeting these receptors, blocke intracellular signaling, inhibiting MAPK signalling pathway, PIK3/Akt signalling pathway, signal transduction, transcription —> blocked signal transduction -> cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell survival —> suppression of tumour growth |