Split into paper 1 and 2, with paper 2 having a separate synthetic routes section. For Samidawg
| Front | Sn2 mechanism polarisation of light |
| Back |
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| Front | What are the effects of ionic charge and radius on lattice energy |
| Back | The lattice energy becomes less exothermic as the ionic radius of the ions increasesThis is because the charge on the ions is more spread out over the ion when the ions are largerThe ions are also further apart from each other in the latticeTherefore, the electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions in the lattice are weakerThe lattice energy gets more exothermic as the ionic charge of the ions increasesThe greater the ionic charge, the higher the charge densityThis results in stronger electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions in the latticeAs a result, the lattice energy is more exothermic |
| Front | What assumptions are made when using Ka |
| Back | The concentration of hydrogen ions due to the ionisation of water is negligibleAcid Conc at start = Acid conc at equilbriumH+ conc = X- conc |