| Title | Intrinsic Muscles of Hand 5 |
| OccludedImage |
 |
| Clinical | Clinical: To clinically test opposition, have the patient touch the tips of their thumb and little finger together and then, with a finger on the patient's thenar and hypothenar eminence, try to pull the opposed fingers apart to test the strength of the opponens muscles. |
| Comment | Comment: This muscle is 1 of the 3 muscles that make up the hypothenar muscles, which constitute the intrinsic muscles of the little finger. All of these muscles are innervated by deep branches of the ulnar nerve and supplied by deep branches of the ulnar artery. |
| Origin | Origin (proximal): Arises from the hook of the hamate bone and the flexor retinaculum. |
| Insertion | Insertion (distal): Inserts on the palmar surface of the body of the 5th metacarpal. |
| Attachments | |
| Innervation | Innervation: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8 and T1). |
| Actions | Action: Abducts, flexes, and laterally rotates the 5th metacarpal, enhancing the cupping of the hand, increasing the power of the grip, and opposing the little finger to the thumb. |
| Plate | Atlas Plate 453 |
| 1a | Opponens digiti minimi;Musculus opponens digiti minimi |
| 2a | |
| 3a | |
| 4a | |
| 5a | |
| 6a | |
| 7a | |
| 8a | |
| 9a | |
| 10a | |
| 11a | |
| 12a | |
| 13a | |
| 14a | |
| 15a | |
| 16a | |
| 17a | |
| 18a | |
| 19a | |
| 20a | |
| Tags | Dope::Anatomy::Upper_Limb |
| Title | Extrinsic Eye Muscles 1 |
| OccludedImage |
 |
| Clinical | Clinical: Ptosis can result from nerve damage at two different sites. Damage to the occulomotor nerve (CN III) can result in paralysis of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and significant ptosis. Damage anywhere along the sympathetic pathway from the upper thoracic sympathetic outflow to the head, the cervical sympathetic trunk, or the superior cervical ganglion and beyond can result in denervation of the small tarsal muscle (smooth muscle) that is found at the free distal margin of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. This will result in a mild ptosis, where the ipsilateral upper eyelid droops, but only slightly. |
| Comment | Comment: Because of the dual nature of this muscle (it is skeletal and has a small smooth muscle component), drooping of the upper eyelid can result from a nerve lesion affecting the oculomotor nerve or the sympathetic fibers. This drooping is called ptosis. |
| Origin | Origin: Arises from the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, anterior and superior to the optic canal. |
| Insertion | Insertion: Attaches to the skin and tarsal plate of the upper eyelid. |
| Attachments | |
| Innervation | Innervation: Oculomotor nerve (CN III). At the distal end of this muscle, near its attachment to the tarsal plate, is a small amount of smooth muscle called the superior tarsal muscle. The fibers of the superior tarsal muscle are supplied by postganglionic sympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system. |
| Actions | Action: Raises the upper eyelid. |
| Plate | Atlas Plate 84 |
| 1a | Levator palpebrae superioris;Levator palpebrae superioris |
| 2a | |
| 3a | |
| 4a | |
| 5a | |
| 6a | |
| 7a | |
| 8a | |
| 9a | |
| 10a | |
| 11a | |
| 12a | |
| 13a | |
| 14a | |
| 15a | |
| 16a | |
| 17a | |
| 18a | |
| 19a | |
| 20a | |
| Tags | Dope::Anatomy::Head_and_Neck |
