Level 3!
| Front | Hydrogen Bonding |
| Back | Intermolecular bond that occurs when hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine atoms (the three most electronegative elements on the periodic table). Hydrogen bonds are stronger than temporary or permanent dipole-dipole attractions but still much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds. |
| Front | Gibbs Free Energy |
| Back | G=H-TS (gibbs free energy = change in enthalpy - temperature x change in entropy)A way to mathematically determine if a reaction is spontaneous. Chemical reactions tend to be spontaneous when the change in enthalpy is negative or the change in entropy is positive. |
| Front | Entropy and Enthalpy |
| Back | Endothermic reactions absorb heat energy from their surroundings so the entropy of the surroundings decrease. Exothermic reactions release heat energy into their surroundings, so the entropy of the surroundings increase. |